West nile virus common symptoms

Over the last two decades, several vaccine candidates against WNV have been developed [ 40 ]. Currently, four veterinary vaccines are licensed for use in horses, and six vaccines have progressed into clinical trials in humans. Although WNV veterinary vaccines are protective in horses, all require two primary doses and annual boosters to maintain a protective immunity [ 41 , 42 ].

To date, human vaccine candidates have not yet been tested beyond Phase II clinical trials. For a human vaccine to be protective in the most vulnerable older age population, it should ideally be strongly immunogenic with a single dose, and without subsequent annual boosters.

Of the six human vaccine candidates, the two live attenuated vaccines were unique in their ability to elicit robust immune responses after a single dose [ 42 ]. To summarize, WNVI-associated ocular manifestations are features of severe neuroinvasive cases.

Linear chorioretinitis is suggestive of a WNVI diagnosis and may raise diagnostic suspicion when associated with evocative systemic signs and in an epidemic context. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Vaccines Basel v. Vaccines Basel. Published online Nov 2. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Sep 27; Accepted Oct Abstract Ocular manifestations are a feature of West Nile virus infection. Keywords: West Nile virus, ocular involvement, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, uveitis. Pathophysiology The pathogenesis of WNVI-associated chorioretinitis has been only partially elucidated.

Clinical Manifestations The most frequent ocular manifestation of WNVI is bilateral multifocal chorioretinitis with a typical aspect. Table 1 Ophthalmic manifestations of West Nile virus infection. Ocular Structure Clinical Findings Anterior segment Anterior uveitis Posterior segment Vitritis Bilateral multifocal chorioretinitis Non occlusive or occlusive retinal vasculitis Retinitis Macular edema Congenital chorioretinal scarring Optic nerve Other neuro-ophthalmic structures Optic neuritis, neuroretinitis, papilledema, optic atrophy Retrogeniculate damage, ocular nerve palsy, nystagmus.

Open in a separate window. Chorioretinitis Chorioretinitis is defined by an inflammatory condition involving the choroid and the retina Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Retinal Vasculitis Retinal vascular involvement can occur in association with WNVI and may cause retinal hemorrhages, retinal vascular sheathing Figure 2 A , and in the most severe cases occlusive retinal vasculitis [ 25 , 26 ].

Other Ocular Manifestations Kutchey et al. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis There are currently no published diagnostic techniques that can be applied specifically to the ocular fluids in WNVI. Prognosis and Management Ocular disease associated with WNVI is usually self-limiting, and most patients recover their baseline visual acuity. Management There is, at present, no proven specific treatment or efficient vaccine for WNVI in humans [ 35 ].

Future Directions Although multiple drug and vaccine candidates have shown promising results in preclinical or early clinical development, there are currently no drugs or vaccines being tested against WNVI in clinical trials. Conclusions To summarize, WNVI-associated ocular manifestations are features of severe neuroinvasive cases. Author Contributions A. Funding This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References 1. Khairallah M. Novel infectious agents causing uveitis. Hasbun R. Debiasi R. West Nile virus meningoencephalitis. Troupin A. Methods Mol. A prospective evaluation of factors associated with chorioretinitis in patients with West Nile virus infection. Patel S. Arthropod vector-borne uveitis in the developing world.

Linear pattern of West Nile virus-associated chorioretinitis is related to retinal nerve fibres organization. Horse to horse transmission does not occur. The virus is most prevalent from May to October when mosquitoes are most abundant. Treatment Treatment is vital for any horse with WNV. Since there is not any specific antibody to counter attack the virus, it is important to consult your veterinarian and provide supportive therapy.

Depending upon the affect the virus has on each individual horse will determine if home or clinical care is warranted. Each animal is assessed according to it's age and health and all treatments should be under the direction of a veterinarian.

Recovery times depend upon the health and age of the affected horse. Treatment includes treating a fever if present. Ensure horse receives sufficient fluids, possibly through intravenous treatment if the horse is unable to drink on its own. Oral or intravenous feeding may also be necessary for horses unwilling to eat. For horses unable to rise slinging is recommended 2 to 3 times per day to aid in circulation and to try to prevent pressure point sores. Head and leg protection is also frequently needed.

Joint and tendon infections, sheath infections, pneumonia, and diarrhea can all occur as secondary events. Prevention Horse owners should consult their veterinarians regarding vaccination. The vaccine shots are of no value if they aren't given prior to exposure to the disease. This person has been discharged from the hospital and is recovering.

Jamestown Canyon Virus JCV is a mosquito-borne pathogen that circulates widely in North America, primarily between deer and mosquitoes, but can also infect humans. Human cases can occur from late spring through mid-fall. People can be infected and not develop any symptoms, or only develop very mild symptoms.

Most people with febrile illness due to West Nile virus recover completely, but fatigue and weakness can last for weeks or months. Serious symptoms in a few people.

About 1 in people who are infected develop a severe illness affecting the central nervous system such as encephalitis inflammation of the brain or meningitis inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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